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Subel. ZLG
20 questions
Subelement ZLG

Operating an Amateur Radio Station

Section ZLG24

Practical Operating Knowledge

You are mobile and talking through a VHF repeater. The other station reports that you keep "dropping out". This means

  • your signal is drifting lower in frequency
  • Correct Answer
    your signal does not have enough strength to operate the repeater
  • your voice is too low-pitched to be understood
  • you are not speaking loudly enough
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A "pileup" is

  • an old, worn-out radio
  • another name for a junkbox
  • Correct Answer
    a large group of stations all calling the same DX station
  • a type of selenium rectifier
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"Break-in keying" means

  • unauthorised entry has resulted in station equipment disappearing
  • temporary emergency operating
  • Correct Answer
    key-down changes the station to transmit, key-up to receive
  • the other station's keying is erratic
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A repeater operating with a "positive 600 kHz split"

  • Correct Answer
    listens on a frequency 600 kHz higher than its designated frequency
  • transmits on a frequency 600 kHz higher than its designated frequency
  • transmits simultaneously on its designated frequency and one 600 kHz higher
  • uses positive modulation with a bandwidth of 600 kHz
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The standard frequency offset (split) for 2 metre repeaters in New Zealand is

  • Correct Answer
    plus 600 kHz above 147 MHz, minus 600 kHz on or below 147 MHz
  • plus 600 kHz below 147 MHz, minus 600 kHz on or above 147 MHz
  • minus 5 MHz below 147 MHz, plus 5 MHz kHz on or above 147 MHz
  • plus 5 MHz below 147 MHz, minus 5 MHz kHz on or above 147 MHz
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The standard frequency offset (split) for 70 cm repeaters in New Zealand is plus or minus

  • 600 kHz
  • 1 MHz
  • 2 MHZ
  • Correct Answer
    5 MHz

Correct answer: 5 MHz

On the 70 cm amateur band (around \(430\text{–}440\ \mathrm{MHz}\) in New Zealand), repeaters use a standard frequency split of \(\pm 5\ \mathrm{MHz}\) between the transmit and receive frequencies. This separation provides sufficient isolation to prevent the repeater transmitter from desensitising its own receiver and allows practical filtering.

  • 600 kHz is the standard repeater split used on the 2 metre band, not on 70 cm.
  • 1 MHz is not a standard repeater offset in New Zealand.
  • 2 MHz is also not a standard allocation for 70 cm repeater operation.

Therefore, the standard frequency offset for 70 cm repeaters in New Zealand is ±5 MHz.

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You are adjusting an antenna matching unit using an SWR bridge. You should adjust for

  • maximum reflected power
  • equal reflected and transmitted power
  • Correct Answer
    minimum reflected power
  • minimum transmitted power
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The "squelch" or "muting" circuitry on a VHF receiver

  • Correct Answer
    inhibits the audio output unless a station is being received
  • compresses incoming voice signals to make them more intelligible
  • reduces audio burst noise due to lightning emissions
  • reduces the noise on incoming signals
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The "S meter" on a receiver

  • indicates where the squelch control should be set
  • indicates the standing wave ratio
  • indicates the state of the battery voltage
  • Correct Answer
    indicates relative incoming signal strengths
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The "National System" is

  • the legal licensing standard of Amateur operation in New Zealand
  • Correct Answer
    a series of nationwide amateur radio linked repeaters in the 70 cm band
  • the official New Zealand repeater band plan
  • A nationwide emergency communications procedure

Correct answer: a series of nationwide amateur radio linked repeaters in the 70 cm band

In New Zealand, the National System refers to a network of linked amateur radio repeaters, primarily operating on the 70 cm band. These repeaters are interconnected so that a transmission into one repeater can be heard across much of the country.

The system is used for:

  • routine long-distance amateur communication

  • coordinating nationwide activities and events

  • providing wide-area coverage when local repeaters are insufficient

  • the legal licensing standard of Amateur operation in New Zealand refers to regulatory documents and certificates, not the repeater network.

  • the official New Zealand repeater band plan defines frequency usage and coordination, not a specific linked repeater system.

  • a nationwide emergency communications procedure may make use of the National System, but the system itself is the repeater network, not the procedure.

Therefore, the National System is a series of nationwide amateur radio linked repeaters in the 70 cm band.

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A noise blanker on a receiver is most effective to reduce

  • 50 Hz power supply hum
  • noise originating from the mixer stage of the receiver
  • Correct Answer
    ignition noise
  • noise originating from the RF stage of the receiver.

Correct answer: ignition noise

A noise blanker is designed to suppress short-duration, high-amplitude impulse noise. It detects sharp noise spikes and momentarily mutes the receiver so the impulse does not reach the audio output.

Typical sources of this type of noise include vehicle ignition systems, electric motors, and switching devices, which generate brief repetitive pulses.

  • 50 Hz power supply hum is a continuous low-frequency signal and is not impulsive, so a noise blanker is ineffective.
  • noise originating from the mixer stage is internal receiver noise and cannot be removed by blanking the incoming signal.
  • noise originating from the RF stage is also internal and broadband, not short impulse noise.

Therefore, a noise blanker is most effective at reducing ignition noise.

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The purpose of a VOX unit in a transceiver is to

  • Correct Answer
    change from receiving to transmitting using the sound of the operator's voice
  • check the transmitting frequency using the voice operated crystal
  • enable a volume operated extension speaker for remote listening
  • enable the variable oscillator crystal
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"VOX" stands for

  • volume operated extension speaker
  • Correct Answer
    voice operated transmit
  • variable oscillator transmitter
  • voice operated expander
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"RIT" stands for

  • receiver interference transmuter
  • range independent transmission
  • Correct Answer
    receiver incremental tuning
  • random interference tester
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The "RIT" control on a transceiver

  • reduces interference on the transmission
  • changes the frequency of the transmitter section without affecting the frequency of the receiver section
  • changes the transmitting and receiver frequencies by the same amount
  • Correct Answer
    changes the frequency of the receiver section without affecting the frequency of the transmitter section

RIT - "Receiver Incremental Tuning". A transceiver is usually a receiver and transmitter combination sharing a lot of common circuits - such as the various oscillators that determine its operating frequency. RIT provides a tuning facility so the receiver can be separately tuned for a few kHz each side of the transmit frequency, hence giving independent control over the receive frequency.

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The "split frequency" function on a transceiver allows the operator to

  • Correct Answer
    transmit on one frequency and receive on another
  • monitor two frequencies simultaneously using a single loudspeaker
  • monitor two frequencies simultaneously using two loudspeakers
  • receive CW and SSB signals simultaneously on the same frequency
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The term "ALC" stands for

  • audio limiter control
  • Correct Answer
    automatic level control
  • automatic loudness control
  • automatic listening control

ALC - "Automatic Level Control". Just as we had AGC in a receiver, this is a similar thing for transmitters, usually for the linear amplifiers used in SSB transmitters. Its purpose is to prevent over-driving the linear amplifier stages especially the final amplifier. It may also permit the peaks of an SSB signal to be limited in amplitude to enable an increase in the mean output power of the transmitter to improve the relative signal level at a distant receiver. This function can also involve processing the audio in the transmitter, known as "compression" .

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The AGC circuit is to

  • expand the audio gain
  • limit the extent of amplitude generation
  • Correct Answer
    minimise the adjustments needed to the receiver gain control knobs
  • amplitude limit the crystal oscillator output
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Many receivers have both RF and AF gain controls. These allow the operator to

  • vary the receiver frequency and AM transmitter frequency independently
  • vary the low and high frequency audio gain independently
  • vary the receiver's "real" and "absolute" frequencies independently
  • Correct Answer
    vary the gain of the radio frequency and audio frequency amplifier stages independently
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The term "PTT" means

  • Correct Answer
    push to talk
  • piezo-electric transducer transmitter
  • phase testing terminal
  • phased transmission transponder
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