A(n) ____ and ____ can be combined to measure the characteristics of transmission lines. Such an arrangement is known as a time-domain reflectometer (TDR).

Oscilloscope, pulse generator.

An oscilloscope and pulse generator can be combined to measure the characteristics of transmission lines.

Such an arrangement is known as a time-domain reflectometer (TDR).

The TDR transmits a signal and measures the time from transmission to receipt of a reflection of the signal. The analysis is made of the difference between sent and received signal and time between these two events. This is similar to the operation of a radar.

See Wikipedia's article on Time-domain reflectometer

Also, see Electronics Notes site for the article What is a Time Domain Reflectometer, TDR

For more information, please see Keysights site for the article Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Measurements

See HV Technologies site article The Basics of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)

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What does the horizontal axis of a spectrum analyzer display?

Frequency.

The horizontal axis is the frequency in Hz, and the vertical axis is the amplitude in V.

For more info on this specific question, please see Ham Radio School site for the article Spectrum Analyzer (E4A02)

See Electronics Notes site for the article What is a Spectrum Analyzer: RF spectrum analyzer

Also, see Diligen site for the well-illustrated article Using the Spectrum Analyzer

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What does the vertical axis of a spectrum analyzer display?

Amplitude.

The horizontal axis is the frequency in Hz, and the vertical axis is the amplitude in V.

For more info on this specific question, please see Ham Radio School site for the article Spectrum Analyzer (E4A02)

See Electronics Notes site for the article What is a Spectrum Analyzer: RF spectrum analyzer

Also, see Diligen site for the well-illustrated article Using the Spectrum Analyzer

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What instrument is most accurate when checking antennas and transmission lines at the operating frequency of the antenna?

Frequency domain reflectometer.

The reflectometry is a method of measurement through the use of radio waves which are reflected.

The frequency-domain reflectometry, or FDR, transmits several incremental radio sine waves, measuring their reflection. There is a comparison between the changes from the send to reflected frequency. This is used in radar design, cables, wires, and antennas.

See Wikipedia's article Reflectometry

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What test instrument can be used to display spurious signals in the output of a radio transmitter?

A spectrum analyzer.

The horizontal axis is the frequency in Hz, and the vertical axis is the amplitude in V.

For more info on this specific question, please see Ham Radio School site for the article Spectrum Analyzer (E4A02)

See Electronics Notes site for the article What is a Spectrum Analyzer: RF spectrum analyzer

Also, see Diligen site for the well-illustrated article Using the Spectrum Analyzer

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What instrument is commonly used by radio service technicians to monitor frequency, modulation, check receiver sensitivity, distortion, and to generate audio tones?

Service monitor.

The question is the description of the topic here.

Service monitor is commonly used by radio service technicians to monitor frequency, modulation, check receiver sensitivity, distortion, and to generate audio tones.

YouTube video: View the short video from the W2AEW titled #72: Simple Station Monitor for Ham Radio using an Oscilloscope

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